1920x1080 Dragonfly Pattern. Dragon Pattern Neo...
1920x1080 Dragonfly Pattern. Dragon Pattern Neo... ===== https://fancli.com/2tJJMe
Norway also was aspiring independence (from Sweden) and local Art Nouveau was connected with a revival inspired by Viking folk art and crafts. Notable designers included Lars Kisarvik, who designed chairs with traditional Viking and Celtic patterns, and Gerhard Munthe, who designed a chair with a stylized dragon-head emblem from ancient Viking ships, as well as a wide variety of posters, paintings and graphics.[132]
Early Art Nouveau, particularly in Belgium and France, was characterized by undulating, curving forms inspired by lilies, vines, flower stems and other natural forms, used in particular in the interiors of Victor Horta and the decoration of Louis Majorelle and Émile Gallé.[165] It also drew upon patterns based on butterflies and dragonflies, borrowed from Japanese art, which were popular in Europe at the time.[165]
In France, the centre for furniture design and manufacture was in Nancy, where two major designers, Émile Gallé and Louis Majorelle had their studios and workshops, and where the Alliance des industries d'art (later called the School of Nancy) had been founded in 1901. Both designers based on their structure and ornamentation on forms taken from nature, including flowers and insects, such as the dragonfly, a popular motif in Art Nouveau design. Gallé was particularly known for his use of marquetry in relief, in the form of landscapes or poetic themes. Majorelle was known for his use of exotic and expensive woods, and for attaching bronze sculpted in vegetal themes to his pieces of furniture. Both designers used machines for the first phases of manufacture, but all the pieces were finished by hand. Other notable furniture designers of the Nancy School included Eugène Vallin and Émile André; both were architects by training, and both designed furniture that resembled the furniture from Belgian designers such as Horta and Van de Velde, which had less decoration and followed more closely the curving plants and flowers. Other notable French designers included Henri Bellery-Desfontaines, who took his inspiration from the neo-Gothic styles of Viollet-le-Duc; and Georges de Feure, Eugène Gaillard, and Édouard Colonna, who worked together with art dealer Siegfried Bing to revitalize the French furniture industry with new themes. Their work was known for "abstract naturalism", its unity of straight and curved lines, and its rococo influence. The furniture of de Feure at the Bing pavilion won a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition. The most unusual and picturesque French designer was François-Rupert Carabin, a sculptor by training, whose furniture featured sculpted nude female forms and symbolic animals, particularly cats, who combined Art Nouveau elements with Symbolism. Other influential Paris furniture designers were Charles Plumet, and Alexandre Charpentier.[205] In many ways the old vocabulary and techniques of classic French 18th-century Rococo furniture were re-interpreted in a new style.[10]
The molecular organization of the epicuticle (the outermost layer) of insect wings is vital in the formation of the nanoscale surface patterns that are responsible for bestowing remarkable functional properties. Using a combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, including Synchrotron-sourced Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), we have identified the chemical components that constitute the nanoscale structures on the surface of the wings of the dragonfly, Hemianax papuensis. The major components were identified to be fatty acids, predominantly hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid, and n-alkanes with even numbered carbon chains ranging from C14 to C30. The data obtained from XPS depth profiling, in conjunction with that obtained from GCMS analyses, enabled the location of particular classes of compounds to different regions within the epicuticle. Hexadecanoic acid was found to be a major component of the outer region of the epicuticle, which forms the surface nanostructures, and was also detected in deeper layers along with octadecanoic acid. Aliphatic compounds were detected throughout the epicuticle, and these appeared to form a third discrete layer that was separate from both the inner and outer epicuticles, which has never previously been reported.
Hence, the aim of this work was to generate a detailed overview of the compounds that comprise the epicuticle of the wings of the dragonfly Hemianax papuensis, together with an understanding of the distribution of compounds throughout the epicuticle. To achieve this aim, a combination of different analytical techniques, i.e., Synchrotron-sourced FTIR, GCMS and XPS depth profiling were employed to investigate the molecular organization of the epicuticular lipids on the wings of the dragonfly Hemianax papuensis.
The insect wing cuticle is composed of two main layers: the epicuticle and the procuticle, both of which can be further divided into two distinct sub-layers [14], [26], [37], [38]. In the case of the epicuticle, these two sub-layers are referred to as outer epicuticle and inner epicuticle. Chloroform extraction times of 10 seconds and one hour were chosen to extract lipids from the outer epicuticle and the entire epicuticle, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed that an extraction period of 10 seconds was appropriate to extract the outer epicuticle of the wing. It can be seen from surface view of untreated and 10 seconds extracted sample (Figure 1) that the wing surface structure remained largely unchanged after the 10 s extraction period. The nanostructures on the wing surface are still clearly visible; however there is increased space between individual nanostructures after 10 seconds of exposure to chloroform. In contrast, the wing surface after one hour of chloroform extraction appears completely devoid of nanostructures. This observation alone demonstrated that the chemical components responsible for forming the nanostructures on the dragonfly wings are highly chloroform-soluble. Cross sectional views of the wing were also obtained in order to obtain insight into the internal structure of the dragonfly wing membrane. Surface view and cross sectional view are presented for comparison and observation of any changes on the wing surface structure caused by liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is an efficient method for fast freezing of biological samples. This method has been applied previously on dragonfly wings to obtain fresh and planar fracture cross-sectional surfaces of the membranes in the direction of the thickness by Song et al. [39]. No obvious differences were observed in the structure of the bulk of the wing membrane as a result of the chloroform extraction. Also, as seen in cross-sectional views, the wing membrane is constructed in three main layers, i.e., epicuticular layers at dorsal and ventral surfaces, and intracuticular layer where the bulk is located.
All of the components identified through GCMS analysis were found to possess low surface energy, which is one of the factors contributing to the superhydrophobicity of the wing surface, as is the hierarchical surface structure, which is the result of self-assembly of the different hydrophobic compounds onto the wing membrane. During the pupal stage of growth of the dragonfly, these compounds are secreted by epithermal cells and transported to the surface through a system of pore canals [14], [62]. Our hypothesis for the formation of the regular pillar-liked structure onto the wing surface is that during the metamorphosis stage, these compounds reorganise themselves and self-assemble into a particular nanostructure. Previous studies that have been performed on plant surfaces have revealed that substances possessing different chemical compositions will result in the formation of different surface morphologies, which supports the hypothesis of self-organisation [7], [20].
Dragonfly wings are covered with nanoscale surface structures that afford the wings self-cleaning and superhydrophobic properties. While the outer epicuticle is generally accepted to be composed of lipids and waxes, the compounds that form the surface nanostructures have not previously been identified. Here, we characterized the epicuticular lipids of dragonfly wings using a combination of three complementary analytical techniques: Synchrotron-sourced Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FTIR spectra collected for wings after the surface lipids had been extracted with chloroform were found to contain characteristic absorption bands for amide, ester and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Importantly, the CH2 stretching bands, which were indicative of epicuticular lipids, were found to decrease in intensity with increasing extraction time. XPS depth profiling, in conjunction with GCMS analysis of the chloroform extracts, enabled the detection of three distinct layers within the epicuticle: the outer epicuticle, which contained hexadecanoic acid, the meso epicuticle, which was composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons, and the inner epicuticle, which contained hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid. The identification of a third sub-layer of the epicuticle of insect wings has never been previously reported. The data presented here indicate that the nanostructures on the surface of dragonfly wings are composed primarily of aliphatic hydrocarbons, with an outer layer composed largely of fatty acids. This information will be extremely valuable in future attempts to replicate dragonfly wing structures and properties onto model substrates for industrial applications. 781b155fdc